(Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University) Full-text Database of Historical Earthquake Documents in Japan (Follow up PNC2005) Shoichiro HARA shara@cias.kyoto-u.ac.jp (Center for Integrated Area Studies, Kyoto University) Project Members: Katsuhiko ISHIBASHI (Project Leader, RCUSS, Kobe Univ.), Masato KOYAMA (Fac. Educ., Shizuoka Univ.), Kenji SATAKE (ERI, Univ. Tokyo), Yoshinobu TSUJI (ERI, Univ. Tokyo), Yukio HAYAKAWA (Fac. Educ., Gunma Univ.), Masaharu EBARA (HI, Univ. Tokyo), Shoji SASAMOTO (Fac. Arts, Shinshu Univ.), Masaaki TAKAHASHI (Fac. Lett., Kobe Univ.), Satoshi TARASHIMA (Tokyo Nat. Mus.), Akiyoshi FUJITA (Fac. Intl. Cult. Studies, Tenri Univ.), Toshifumi YATA (Fac. Hum., Niigata Univ.), Hisashi YASUNAGA (NIHU), Yoshinori MAEJIMA (Maechan.net)

Earthquakes are ……. One of the most destructive natural disasters on the globe Some earthquakes have happed at the same place periodically That is, understanding the characteristics of each earthquake is important for prediction and protection Where, When, How (What) Then, integration of physical (geographical, archaeological) and historical (texts) research is essential Collaboration by natural and humanities researchers  Humanities contributions to disaster management Conclusion: High quality comprehensive database has been desired The purpose of the project

Purposes of the Projects Construct new text database of “Historical Earthquake Documents in the Ancient and Medieval Ages in Japan” An interdisciplinary collaboration among seismologists, volcanologists, historians and information scientists High quality comprehensive text Critically examine all the collected documents, select appropriate ones, revise them correctly and reorganize new documents in digital form Compose a seismic intensity database compatible with the Intensity Data Points (IDP) prevailing in Europe

Historical Documents - Main Resources - 大日本地震史料 Collection of Historical Documents on Earthquakes in Japan, Edited by Tayama (1904a, b: 2 volumes) 増訂大日本地震史料 Collection of Historical Documents on Earthquakes in Japan, Enlarged and Revised Edition, Edited by Dr. Musha (1941, 1943a, b, 1951: 4 volumes) 新収日本地震史料 Historical Documents on Earthquakes in Japan, New Collection, Edited by Dr. Usami and his colleagues (1981-1994: 21 volumes) Those are official national histories, chronicles, private histories, diaries, biographies, essays, memoranda, letters, memoirs, notes, etc.

Problems of the Resources Low reliability Documents were collected without precise examinations and text critiques (second and third sources, thread and thrum ...) Seismologists are difficult critically to read historical documents as they didn’t take any trainings for historical materials Low reliability will lead to wrong seismologic conclusions as seismologists tend to believe written issues Resources are huge but ... Only printed materials Difficult to access (e.g., Out of print) Difficult for researchers to retrieve information Necessity of high quality comprehensive text (multi- media) database has been desired (after recompiling, proofreading and text critiques)

Project Home Page (http://historical.seismology.jp/erice/)

Digital Transcription of Resources Header Record Earthquake Name General Description

XML Markup Guidelines All information needed for text critiques and revision works must be preserved Logical elements such as titles, records, sections, etc. are marked-up Editorial notes and revision notes are marked-up Descriptive parts such as rubi and gaiji (external standard characters) are marked-up Layout structures such as the number of lines in a page are NOT marked-up Why XML? Data Portability Coping with Hypermedia

Basic Structure of the Classic Earthquake Documents ClassicEarthquake Root of the document |-Volume+ A volume of historical earthquakes |- Header? Bibliographic information of the volume |- Earthquake+ An earthquake |- Header? Biographic information of the earthquake |- E.ID ID of the earthquake (Must be unique) |- J.Date Date of the earthquake by Japanese calendar |- S.Date Date of the earthquake by European calendar |- E.Description General description of the earthquake |- E.Sources+ Information of a material of the earthquake |- Header? Bibliographic information of the material |- E.ID ID of the earthquake (Must be unique) |- Source.ID ID of the material (Must be unique) |- Source.Record+ Minimum unit on the earthquake information |- Record.ID ID of the record (Must be unique) |- E.ID ID of the earthquake (Must be unique) |- J.Date Date of the event by Japanese calendar |- S.Date Date of the event by European calendar |- Record.Description Contents of the record

Examples of XML Text <?xml version="1.0" encoding="Shift_JIS"?> <?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="./ClassicEarthquake-Ext.xsl"?> <!DOCTYPE ClassicEarthquake SYSTEM "./ClassicEarthquakeSimple_ver3.dtd"[]><ClassicEarthquake> <Volume vol="ZOTEI“><Header><titleStmt>増訂大日本地震史料</titleStmt></Header> <Earthquake page="228"> <Header><titleStmt>明應七年八月二十五日（西暦 1498,9,20）</titleStmt></Header> <E.ID>14980920</E.ID><J.Date>明應七年八月二十五日</J.Date><S.Date type="Gregorian">14980920</S.Date> <E.Description><section>伊勢、<gaiji set=“mojikyo” code=“067322”>紀</gaiji>伊、<gaiji set=“daikanwa” code=“039047”>遠</gaiji>江、三河、駿河、甲斐、相模、伊豆 諸國、地大ニ震ヒ、瀕<gaiji set=“daikanwa” code=“017503”>海</gaiji>ノ國ハ津浪ノ害ヲ<gaiji set=“mojikyo” code=“075258”>蒙</gaiji>リ、就中伊勢國大湊ニテハ家千軒押シ流サレ五千人<gaiji set=“daikanwa” code=“017990”>溺</gaiji>死ス、マタ鎌倉由比浜ニテハ水勢大佛殿ニ及ビ二百人<gaiji set=“daikanwa” code=“017990”>溺</gaiji>死セリ、是日、都、奈良及ビ陸奥國<gaiji set=“mojikyo” code=“066797”>會</gaiji>津モ強ク震ヒ、 <gaiji set="mojikyo" code="054722">餘</gaiji>動月ヲ重ネタリ、</section> </E.Description> <E.Sources page="228"> <Header><titleStmt>〔御湯殿の上の日記〕</titleStmt></Header> <E.ID>14980920</E.ID><Source.ID>00000348</Source.ID> <Source.Record page="228"> <Record.ID>00003733</Record.ID><E.ID>14980920</E.ID><Source.ID>00000348</Source.ID> <J.Date>明應七年八月廿五日</J.Date> <S.Date type="Gregorian"/> <Record.Description><section><ruby><rb>廿五</rb><rt>（明応七年八月）</rt></ruby>日、けさ<ruby><rb>ちしん</rb><rt>（地震）</rt></ruby>けう＼／しうゆる、しょゆへの御いのりの事、ふ行におほせいたさるゝ、</section></Record.Description> </Source.Record> <Record.ID>00003734</Record.ID><E.ID>14980920</E.ID><Source.ID>00000348</Source.ID> <J.Date>明應七年八月廿六日</J.Date> <S.Date type="Gregorian"/> <Record.Description><section>廿六日、（中略）けふもちしんちとゆる、</section> </Record.Description> </Source.Record> ・・・・・・・

DTP Example

Project Database (http://sakuya.ed.shizuoka.ac.jp/erice/db)

Next Step Intensity Data Points (Simulation-1) 　　XML Data ・・・・新町<BR/> 長屋廿四軒　漆山御蔵潰<BR/> 右村数三十三ケ村也<BR/> 栃尾組<BR/> 椿沢村 家数百三拾軒之処、立家六軒、死人廿弐人〆<BR/> 田井村 家数百三拾五軒之処、立家六軒、死人拾七人〆<BR/> 太田村 家数六拾八軒之所、立家弐軒、死人拾七人〆<BR/> 悠久山御社、御本社潰、石燈籠三向計り残、不残たおれ候よし<BR/> 右<okuri text="者"/>長岡御役所<okuri text="江"/>達書之写し如斯<BR/> 十一月廿二日、片貝村佐藤佐平治<gaiji set="mojikyo" code="069681">〓</gaiji>本家ヘ申来候ハ左之通り<BR/> 三条死人大調、凡八百拾八人、外ニ在人、旅人入込候分、死人いまだ不相知由<BR/>見附　　死人百廿人<BR/> 今町　　死人百拾七人<BR/> 中ノ嶋　死人三拾七八人<BR/> 怪我人ハ不相分候よし<BR/> 〆<BR/> 外ニ　長岡領<BR/>・・・・・ Digital Gazetteer Select appropriate place <ID> NT000590 </ID> <史料地名>太田村（おおだ）</史料地名> <現在地名>見附市太田町</現在地名> <緯度>37.50916667</緯度> <経度>138.9641667</経度 Retrieve Digital Gazetteer Place Name

Intensity Data Points (Simulation-2) XML Data ・・・<place pid="YT000610" ref="YT000610_1">新町</place><BR/> 長屋廿四軒　漆山御蔵潰<BR/> 右村数三十三ケ村也<BR/> 栃尾組<BR/> <place pid="NT000550" ref="NT000550_2" >椿沢村</place> 家数百三拾軒之処、立家六軒、死人廿弐人〆<BR/> <place pid="NT000560" ref="NT000560_5" >田井村</place> 家数百三拾五軒之処、立家六軒、死人拾七人〆<BR/> <place pid="NT000590" ref= " NT000590_1 " >太田村</place> 家数六拾八軒之所、立家弐軒、死人拾七人〆<BR/> 悠久山御社、御本社潰、石燈籠三向計り残、不残たおれ候よし<BR/> 右<okuri text="者"/>長岡御役所<okuri text="江"/>達書之写し如斯<BR/>十一月廿二日、片貝村佐藤佐平治<gaiji set="mojikyo" code="069681">〓</gaiji>本家ヘ申来候ハ左之通り<BR/> 三条死人大調、凡八百拾八人、外ニ在人、旅人入込候分、死人いまだ不相知由<BR/>見附　　死人百廿人<BR/>今町　　死人百拾七人<BR/> 中ノ嶋　死人三拾七八人<BR/>・・・・・ IDP Data Set for HuMap <place ID="NT000590"> <Ref>NT000590_1</Ref> <Ref>NT000590_2</Ref> <史料地名>太田村（おおだ）</史料地名> <現在地名>見附市太田町</現在地名> <緯度>37.50916667</緯度> <経度>138.9641667</経度> <家数>68</家数> <皆潰>66</皆潰> <追潰>-1</追潰> <潰同様>-1</潰同様> <半潰>-1</半潰> <焼失>-1</焼失> <被害無>-1</被害無> <痛>-1</痛> <即死>17</即死> <家屋倒壊率>97</家屋倒壊率> <家屋被害率>-1</家屋被害率> <死者発生率>25</死者発生率> <推定震度_T>7</推定震度_T> </place> Create Location Data Put place tag URL to Gazetteer Edit Intensity Data

Intensity Data Points with GIS - HuMap Display Example - Large Intensity Area Active Fault Area

Sharing Knowledge 3.11 is Beyond Expectations? Description from the Resource 貞観地震(Jogan Earthquake) 貞観11年5月26日(Julius: 869/7/9)

Sharing Knowledge 3.11 is Beyond Expectations? Report of Agency for Natural Resources and Energy 2009/06/24 Paleoseismological Surveys 西暦869年の貞観地震・津波について(Satake) Knowledge was share neither among public nor experts , thus mechanisms of knowledge sharing are essential

Image of Knowledge Sharing Trans-disciplinary by place, time and subjects Subject Axis Ontology Calendar of Subject A Within Period F Temporal Plane Spatial Plane Subject A HuTime Map of Subject A Within Area E Subject B Subject C Subject D Temporal Axis /Calendar Selected Period F HuMap Reconstructed Image of Subject D Reconstructed Image of the World Selected Area E Spatiotemporal Plane Spatial Axis/GIS

Conclusion “Historical Earthquake Documents in the Ancient Japan” has created and opened as a database A seismic intensity database is under construction. We need a lot of data/knowledge to forecast and manage earthquake disasters. Resource Sharing System that integrate data based on space, time and subjects are essential.