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摂動論的QCDの発展 -Personal View- 植松恒夫 (京大理 ) 「核子構造研究の新展開2011」
QCD old boy’s view of development of pQCD 植松恒夫 (京大理 ) 「核子構造研究の新展開2011」 @KEK January 7-8, 2011
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“温故知新” Plan of the talk 1. Introduction QCD以前 黎明期 2. 第1期1973~1970年代
3. 第2期1980年代 4. 第3期1990年~現在 5. Outlook
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Introduction QCD以前 黎明期
核子の構造の研究 (60年代)deep inelastic scattering Current Algebra Bjorken scaling SLAC-MIT experiment 1968 Parton分布関数 L.W.Mo SLAC-PUB-660 (1969) Parton Model Feynman,Bjorken-Paschos 核子構造関数
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Scalingの破れ Broken scaling inv. くりこみ群 ε-展開 Critical phenomena (物理量)
スケーリングの破れ 場の理論でのくりこみ群的解析 fixed point theory power breaking anomalous dim. asymptotically free theory logarithmic breaking Kogut-Susskind Scale-inv. Parton Model fixed point theory asymptotically free theory
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Various Ideas leading to QCD
Current Algebra Bjorken Scaling Large PT Adler-Dashen Bjorken Light-cone Large Angle Scattering Fritzsch-Gell-Mann Parton Picture O P E Feynman K.Wilson Brodsky-Farrar, Matveev et al. Asymptotic freedom Renormalization Group Gross-Wilczek, Politzer Perturbative QCD Gell-Mann-Low
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第1期 1973-1970年代 勃興期 Color gauge theory (Color octet gluon) QCD Asymtotic freedom ・ short distance ・・・漸近的自由 ・ long distance ・・・閉じ込め QCD Lagrangian : coupling const. Nambu 1966 Fritzsch-Gell-Mann-Leutwyler 1973 Weinberg 1973 Gross-Wilczek, Politzer, ‘t Hooft 1973 No free parameter except for
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Effective coupling constant
Fundamental constant of QCD Effective coupling constant “dimensional transmutation’’ S.Bethke
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Leading Order (LO) analysis
OPE+RG analysis of structure function DGLAP evolution equation for PDFs Q2 dep. of fragmentation fn. Polalrized structure functions Gross-Wilczek, Politzer,… Dokshitzer-Diakonov-Troyan, Gribov-Lipatov, Altarelli-Parisi,… Georgi-Politzer, Owens, T.U.,… Ahmed-Ross, Sasaki
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Mass singularityの因子化(Factorization)
quark-gluonの系を摂動論で扱うと質量0の粒子の4元運動量が0になることから生じる赤外発散(infrared divergence)や質量0のgluonがquarkとcollinearに放出されることによる質量特異性(mass singularity)が現れる. parton描像でhadronのcross section mass (collinear) singularity singularな因子は hadron分布関数へ吸収 mass singularity
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Collinear factorization
short distance 物理量 long distance 非摂動論 convolution 摂動論 scheme- dep Structure fn. PDF (Q2dep) OPE Q2 dependence DGLAP eq. or OPE+RGE DGLAP equation
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クォーク・グルーオン演算子 分布関数と演算子 Twist ツイスト2の演算子 Twist=dim-spin=2 でくりこまれた演算子
クォーク場 グルーオン場 Twist=dim-spin=2 分布関数と演算子 Kodaira-TU (1978) scheme- dependence でくりこまれた演算子
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Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg
Splitting functions “Plus distribution” real emission virtual correction infrared cancel Kinoshita-Lee-Nauenberg -Nakanishi Theorem
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e+e-hadrons jet production Sterman-Weinberg jet 3-jet event @DESY 1979
半角δのconeに全エネルギーの (1-ε)倍が放出される Sterman-Weinberg jet infrared/collinear-safe quantity Event shapes: Thrust etc.
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Factorization in hadron collisions
DIS, e+ e-→hX, Drell-Yan, hadron-hadron semi-inclusive・・
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Kodaira-Tanaka-TU-Yasui (96)
Higher-twist effects + Twist-3 or 4 twist-2 twist-4 twist-6 twist=dim-spin Twist-4 4-quark 2-quark&1gluon operators Anomalous dimensions of 4-quark operators Gottlieb(78) ,Okawa(80) Polarized structure fn. twist-3 contributes to g2 twist-4 effects to g1 Kodaira-Tanaka-TU-Yasui (96) Kawamura et al (97)
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QCD higher-order (NLO) effects
Moment of structure fn. LO NLO NNLO 1-loop 2-loop Floratos et al (78) 1-loop anomalous dim. coefficient fn. RG eq. 1-loop Bardeen et al (78) Scheme independent anomalous dim. coefficient fn. LO 1-loop tree 2-loop 1-loop NLO NNLO 3-loop 2-loop Moch et al (04)
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第2期 1980年代 中間期 QCDの摂動論および非摂動論での様々な 理論的整備/実験の進歩
第2期 1980年代 中間期 QCDの摂動論および非摂動論での様々な 理論的整備/実験の進歩 Unpolarized & polarized DIS data SLAC DESY EMC effects Spin Crisis CERN Polarized structure functions Twist-2, twists-3 effects renormalization of higher-twist ops. Small-x behavior BFKLeq. BK eq. mixing complicated
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Polarized DIS & Structure Functions
nucleon spin incident lepton scattered quark scattered lepton or Structure tensor Unpolarized structure fns. polarized structure fns.
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1988 EMC at CERN “Spin Crisis”
“quarks carries only a small fraction of nucleon spin” in contradiction with naïve quark model But this is relativistic quantities ! Altarelli-Ross Phys. Lett B212 (1988) 391 Gluon polarization contributes due to anomaly Parton distribution functions are scheme-dependent J. Kodaira and T. U. Nucl. Phys. B141 (1978) 497
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1st moment sum rule Kodaira et al. 1979 flavor non-singlet Now
Kyoto Group flavor non-singlet Phys.Rev.D20 (1979) 627; Nucl.Phys. B159 (1979) 99 Now Larin-Vermaseren (1991) Axial anomaly flavor singlet Kodaira Nucl.Phys. B165 (1980)129 QCD correction
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Coefficient functions:
Transversity Higher-twist twist-3 contributes in leading order to Many structure functions van Neerven-Zijlstra (1994) Chiral-odd structure fn. twist-2 op. 2-loop anomalous dim. Hayashigaki, Kanazawa, Koike;Kumano,Miyama : Collins function Asymmetry in Semi-inclusive DIS : Sivers function Transversity & Collins and Sivers asymmetries
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Small-x region physics
Large logs の足し上げ BFKL方程式 Non-linear evolution equation BK方程式 gluon分布のsaturation color glass condensation (CGC) recombination
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Soft-gluon resummation
2 mass scales: e.g. Q2&m2 or Q2&QT2 large logs appear at kinematical boundaries spoil perturbative expansions e.g. (real and virtual contributions highly unbalanced) Sudakov resummation=resumming the double- logarithmic perturbative contributions
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Threshold Resummation
と書くと,以下が示される Sterman(’87),Catani&Trendadue(’89, ’91) LL NLL (Trentadue and Kodaira Catani, D’Emilio and Trentadue) NNLL
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第3期 1990年代-現在 Precision of QCD: LO→NLO→NNLO 検証から精密化へ
第3期 1990年代-現在 Precision of QCD: LO→NLO→NNLO 検証から精密化へ QCDの量子補正をNNLOの精度に高める Splitting functions LO NLO NNLO 18 350 9607 # of diagrams 1-loop 3-loop 2-loop Gross-Wilczek, Politzer(1974) Floratos-Ross-Sachrajda(1978) Coefficient functions Moch-Vermaseren-Vogt (2004)
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Recent topics in QCD Higgs production Global PDF analysis Color Glass
Condensation Higgs production String-inspired QCD Global PDF analysis Multi-parton amplitudes Perturbative QCD AdS/CFT Heavy quark mass effects Precision QCD
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Global PDF Analysis Collaborations MSTW (MRST) LO NLO NNLO
CTEQ LO NLO Tevatron jet analysis NNPDF NLO Neural networks ABKM NNLO heavy quark effects GRV, AAC NLO polarized PDFs
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QCD and HERA data
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Diffractive production of Higgs
LHC era RHICからLHCへ pp collision ~ RHIC heavy ion collision Ridge structure pseud-rapidty (η) correlation ALICE heavy ion collision high multiplicities ATLAS & CMS ジェット抑制(Jet quenching) Higgs production gluon fusion Diffractive production of Higgs
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Heavy quark mass effects
heavy quark coefficient functions deep inelastic lepton-hadron scattering for mass factorization: low では heavy quarkはradiativeに作られる high では light quarkと同等 matching condition: Buza et al. (‘96) heavy quark coeff. fn massive operator matrix element light quark coeff. fn heavy quark
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Fixed and variable flavor number schemes
Fixed Flavor Number Scheme (FFNS) u,d,s:massless heavy quarks (H):c,b,s are radiatively generated for large log spoils perturbation Zero Mass Variable Flavor Number Scheme (ZMVFNS) ZMVFNS shows discontinuity at transition → General mass variable flavor number (GMVFN)scheme To achieve smooth transition
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QCD and String Theory AdS/CFT対応 String on AdS5×S5~N=4SCFT
5次元AdS時空での弦のsemi-classicalな振る舞いと boundaryの4次元Yang-Mills理論の対応関係 Polyakov et al AdS/CFT対応(弦/ゲージ双対性)とform factorおよび大角度散乱と強結合領域でのDIS構造関数 Polchinski et al String理論でエネルギーについてベキ的振舞い 5次元方向の寄与によるwarp factor AdS/QCD (Holographic QCD) spectrum, decay width, Pomeron, BFKL anom.dim. Maldacena
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multi-parton amplitudes
MHV + - multi-parton amplitudes MHV振幅に対するParke-Taylor公式の拡張(spinor-helicity) Witten Commun.Math.Phys.252(2004)189 N=4超対称理論で運動量空間からFourier変換で得たtwistor spaceにおける散乱振幅を弦理論のインスタントンの寄与に結びつけた Cachazo-Svrcek-Witten (CSW) JHEP09(2004)006 最大にヘリシティーを破る(MHV)振幅をvertexに拡張し,一般のMHVでないhelicity振幅を計算するルールを与えた 任意の1-loop multi-leg amplitudes A~(Box)+(triangle)+(bubble)+(tadpole)
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Summary and Outlook More efforts needed! Even for old boys!
QCDは30有余年を経て確立 検証から精密化へ Hadron物理にとって必須の理論的枠組み 標準模型の確立とそれを超えたPhysicsの探索には強い相互作用 QCDの効果の精密な評価が必要 pQCDはLHCでのppおよび重イオン衝突における新たな現象の解析に必須 ハドロン物理研究の新たなアイデアの創出 QCDは素粒子論と原子核理論のcommunityを繋ぐ More efforts needed! Even for old boys!
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Backup Slides
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Nucleon’s total angular momentum
proton spin sum rule gluon orbital angular mom. quark orbital angular mom. at Sizable contributions are from gluon pol. Or from orbital angular mom. and Asymptotic values from evolution eq.
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Semi-inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering (SIDIS)
Transverse-spin asymmetry at leading-twist in SIDIS fragmentation function : Collins function Transverse distribution in the initial state Sivers function Earlier claim was that Sivers asymmetry vanish time reversal inv. Final-state interaction important for Sivers fn. not to vanish Wilson lines in the op. def required by gauge inv.
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Generalized Parton distribution (GPD)
See Wakamatsu’s talk non-forward proton matrix elements Deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) can be measured at null vector skewdness parameter Bjorken variable
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: Generalized Parton distribution (GPD)
Experimentally known Lattice calculation Not in accordance with exp.
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Spin-dependent fragmentation function
@BELLE at KEK See Seidl’s talk Chiral-odd fragmentation function e.g. Collins function e+e- collider KEK-B at Tsukuba unpolarized Collins function
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Buza-Matiounine-Smith-van Neerven (BMVN) prescription
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