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When small firms fight back against large firms in R&D activities

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Presentation on theme: "When small firms fight back against large firms in R&D activities"— Presentation transcript:

1 When small firms fight back against large firms in R&D activities
Joint work with Noriaki Matsushima OT2010

2 Plan of the Presentation
(1) Helping minor firm reduces welfare. (2) R&D investments and firm size (3) Helping minor firm reduces consumer surplus (4) Strategic incentive of R&D investment in a asymmetric location price model OT2010

3 Helping minor firms reduces welfare
OT2010

4 Lahiri and Ono (1988) A decrease in the cost of minor firm (the firm with higher cost) can reduce welfare Welfare-reducing production substitution ・A decrease of the marginal cost of the firm with higher cost reduces the output of the firm with lower marginal cost →It increases total production cost and reduces welfare OT2010

5 Welfare-reducing production substitution
reaction curve of firm 1 Y2 reaction curve of firm 2 企業2の生産量 reaction curve of firm 2 Y1 OT2010

6 Helping minor firm Helping minor firm can reduce welfare
(a) welfare-reducing production substitution (b) An increase the total output improves consumer welfare. (a) can dominate (b). It more likely occurs when the cost difference is large. OT2010

7 Helping minor firm in the Hotelling model
Maximal differentiation A decrease of the minor firm (firm 2) increases the share of firm 2 and reduces the share of firm 1 It can reduce social welfare, while it always improves consumer surplus. OT2010

8 Excess entry theorem In imperfect competitive markets, a slight reduction of the number of entering firms at the free entry equilibrium improves welfare ~excess entry theorem. However, it reduces consumer welfare. OT2010

9 our paper Helping minor firm can reduce consumer surplus (and total social surplus). OT2010

10 より投資するのはminor firmかmajor firmか?
資金制約 R&Dには規模の経済性が 戦略効果(第8講論文) minor firmがより投資する Arrow effect, leap frog →minor firm が成功するとmajorになる、遅れた企業の方が投資費用が小さい OT2010

11 our paper (投資の前後でも)minor なfirm が戦略的な誘因でより多く投資する可能性がある。しかしこれは経済厚生も消費者の利益も損なう。 (注)第8講の論文と結果が違うのは価格競争モデルだからではない。第8講の結果は、製品差別化が外生的に与えられていると価格競争モデルでも成立する。立地選択が入っていることがcrucial。 OT2010

12 Model Hotelling model, mill pricing, location then price model
移動費用などの仮定は標準的なもの 企業1の方が限界費用が低い。 (1) 企業1がまず立地を選択 (2) その後企業2が立地を選択 (3) 価格競争 OT2010

13 backward induction (3) 価格競争は立地を所与とした、費用格差のないBertrand 競争。距離が近いほど激しい競争になり価格が下がる。 (2)企業2は企業1との距離を出来るだけ大きく取る (1)企業1は格差が小さいときには直線都市の端に立地。格差が一定程度以上になると段々真ん中に近づく。 OT2010

14 Welfare Implication 弱い企業が少し強くなり差が縮まる (a) 立地を所与とすれば、価格競争は強まる
(b) 企業1がより端に立地し、価格競争が弱まる (b)の効果が強いとconsumer surplusが下がってしまう→helping minor firm reduces consumer surplus (c) 強い企業のマーケットシェアが下がり、welfare-reducing production substitutionが起こる。 Helping minor firm distorts the product positioning of the major firm and can reduce both consumer surplus and total social surplus. OT2010

15 R&D もし企業1が投資によって差を広げられたら? もし企業2が投資によって差を縮められたら? どちらの方が投資の誘因は強いか?
(a) Economy of the scale ~戦略的な効果がなければ投資の誘因は生産量に比例→企業1の方が投資の誘因大 (b) Strategic effect~企業2が投資すると企業1の立地が変化→企業2の方が投資の誘因大 (b)が(a)をdominateしうる。 OT2010


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