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Michio Kawamiya Research Institute for Global Change

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Presentation on theme: "Michio Kawamiya Research Institute for Global Change"— Presentation transcript:

1 Carbon emission metrics for climate stabilization and the implications to metrics for non-CO2 GHGs
Michio Kawamiya Research Institute for Global Change Japan Agency for Marine-earth Science and Technology

2 Introduction: limitation of single basket approach
Forcings for these two lines have the same value of GWP. “Methane+640GtC” and “1280GtC, No Methane” have the same forcing in terms of GWP. -> “Single basket approach” does not work for discussing stabilization levels. (Eby et al., 2009; Solomon et al., 2011) Solomon らが,WCRPのOSCに寄せたposition paperで,安定化に向けての “Single Basket Approach”の限界について指摘. 上の図,上から2本目と3本目の線はGWPで見れば同じだが,安定化レベルは全然違う. 安定化に向けては,GTPの方が良い指標だが,五十歩百歩. GTP is superior when discussing stabilization

3 Different roles of short-lived and long-lived agents
Short-lived: “trim” the peak Long-lived: determine the stabilization level “Two-basket approach” is proposed ( Solomon et al., 2011) -> GTP for short-lived agents Cumulative emission for long-lived agents WCRP の Position Paper で Solomon らは “Two-basket approach” を提言 短寿命成分には GTP 長寿命成分(CO2など)には 累積炭素排出量

4 CO2 concentration has been often used as a carbon emission metrics…
従来は,CO2「濃度」がメトリック(基準)になっていた.この表はIPCC WG3の報告書からとったものだが,一番左の欄にはCO2濃度が来ており,その濃度を達成するための排出削減目安などが記されている. IPCC AR5 WG3 (2007) 

5 … then concentration metrics is converted to socio-economic scenarios.
濃度メトリックに基づいて作った排出パスがこれ. ただし,濃度メトリックは「それに基づいて,社会経済学者がシナリオを開発しようとするとき,炭素循環についての知識が要求される」という欠点がある. CO2 emission paths to achieve CO2 concentration stabilization IPCC AR5 WG3 (2007) 

6 Cumulative carbon emission as a metric for climate stabilization level and transient climate response Matthews et al (2009) は,累積排出量と気温上昇の間に,よい線形の関係があること,その傾きはモデルにより異なるが 1-2 deg.C/TtC の範囲にあることを指摘. Matthews et al. (2009)

7 Notifications CCR = T/CE = (T/CA)(CA/CE) = αA
CCR: Climate-carbon response (matthews et al., 2009) α(=T/CA): Temperature rise per unit airborne carbon A(=CA/CE): Airborne fraction Cf. Climate sensitivity: λ=T/F F: Radiative forcing Matthews et al. (2009)は前図の傾きを Climate Carbon Response と呼び,炭素循環-気候結合モデルのよいメトリックになるとした.「普通の」気候モデルにおける気候感度にあたる. CCR may be regarded as “earth system sensitivity”, with the forcing being anthropogenic carbon emission rather than radiative forcing.

8 CCR may be independent of scenario
1%/year increase Instanteneous x2 & x4 Matthews et al. (2009)はCCRがシナリオに依らないことを例証した(CO2濃度がよい指標と言えないことも,T/CA を示して指摘). ただし検討されたのは数例の理想的なシナリオにすぎず,また簡略モデルによる実験であるので,RCPのようなある程度現実的なシナリオの下でのGCMによる実験結果を見ることには大きな意味がある. Idealized model simulations of the CCR. a, Simulation with a 1% per year atmospheric CO 2 increase for 70 years, showing temperature change per unit atmospheric carbon increase (DT/DC A : thin red line, right axis), airborne fraction of cumulative carbon emissions (DC A /E T : thin blue line, left axis) and CCR (thick red line, right axis). In this simulation, cumulative airborne fraction decreased with time owing to a delayed carbon cycle response to a rapid prescribed rate of atmospheric CO 2 increase. This is consistent with saturating carbon sinks at higher atmospheric CO 2 , which leads to an increased airborne fraction of annual emissions with increasing atmospheric CO 2 . b, Simulations with an instantaneous doubling (solid lines) and quadrupling (dashed lines) of atmospheric CO 2 for 1,000 years (colours as in a). In all cases, the cumulative airborne fraction decreased with time, whereas the temperature change per unit atmospheric carbon increased with time; consequently, the CCR (defined as the product of these two quantities) remained constant in time.

9 MIROC-ESM: a GCM-based Earth System Model
CCSR/NIES/FRCGC T42(~2.8ºx2.8º) L80 (TOA:80km) OGCM COCO (CCSR/FRCGC) Curvilinear grid system ( )º x 1.4º Atmosphere Ocean Land MIROC-AGCM SPRINTARS (CHASER) COCO NPZD MATSIRO SEIB-DGVM MIROC-ESM Team MIROC (UT, JAMSTEC, NIES)による地球システムモデル MIROC-ESM によるCMIP5実験に基づいて,累積炭素排出量と昇温の関係を解析. 植生モデルは動的植生モデル.

10 Global warming projection with MIROC-ESM under RCP scenarios

11 Temperature Rise averaged over 2090’s relative to 1980-1999 average
MIROC-ESM結果 Temperature Rise averaged over 2090’s relative to average シナリオ別の温暖化のパターン.シナリオ間でパターンはそれほど違わず,全体の平均が違う感じ.我々のモデルは,北極海におけるアイスアルベドフィードバックがちょっと強く,2040年までには夏の海氷がなくなってしまう.

12 Climate Carbon Response in MIROC-ESM
(1) With all anthropogenic forcings (2) non-CO2 GHG corrected CCR RCP2.6 R2.6 RCP4.5 RCP8.5 R4.5 RCP6.0 R6.0 R8.5 MIROC-ESMにおけるCCRをとってみた.シナリオ依存性が若干あることが分かる.Non-CO2 GHGsの効果による温暖化分を取り除いて補正をかけても同じ.

13 Another possible cause for scenario dependence of CCR
Global temperature change Ocean heat uptake Scenario A Scenario B Atmosphere Ocean Changes in ocean heat uptake: DQ = DSW + DLW +DSH + DLH = k DT Efficiency of ocean heat uptake もうひとつ,CCRのシナリオ依存性をもたらす要因としては,海洋の熱吸収が考えられる.すなわち,「遅い」シナリオほど定常に近い状態を保ちながら時間変化していくので,大気から海洋への熱フラックスは小さくなる.すると,単位排出量当たりの温暖化は大きくなる理屈.単一シナリオのなかでは,海洋への熱フラックスが昇温に比例することを利用して,この効果に関する補正をかけることにする.

14 (3) Ocean-heat-uptake (OHU) corrected CCR
我々のモデルでは,CCRには若干のモデル依存性があった.それは海洋熱吸収によるものであり,海洋熱吸収の大きな「速い」シナリオほど見かけのCCRが小さくなる. CCR is moderately scenario dependent in our case, but can be corrected in terms of OHU.

15 Airborne CO2 is again not a good metrics…
(1) With all anthropogenic forcings (2) non-CO2 GHG corrected (3) Ocean heat uptake corrected 大気中の人為起源炭素量と昇温の関係をとってみると,海洋熱吸収の効果を除いても値が収束せず,メトリックスとしては累積排出量の方が優れていることが分かる.

16 Implications for establishing metrics for short-lived and long-lived GHGs
It is important to recognize the difference between short-lived and long-lived GHGs with the same GWP, in particular for discussing climate stabilization. For stabilization issues, cumulative emission (CE) of long-lived GHGs may be more desirable than concentration. There may be a moderate scenario dependence of CE, especially for fast scenarios due to that of ocean heat uptake (OHU). Constraining OHU efficiency may improve the validity of CE as a metrics.


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