化学と天文学 岡 武史 シカゴ大学･化学教室・天体物理教室 エンリコ･フェルミ研究所 日本化学会･北海道支部･講演会･2013年10月9日 岡　武史 シカゴ大学･化学教室・天体物理教室 エンリコ･フェルミ研究所 日本化学会･北海道支部･講演会･2013年10月9日 COE Symposium, Kobe University, November 17, 2003

H 1927 H2 仁科芳雄 青山新一 木村健二郎 堀　健夫 1980 H3+ Takeo Hori, Über die Analyse des Wasserstoffbandenspektrums im äussersten Ultraviolett, Z. Phys. 44 834 (1927) +

Unification of sciences P C B Johannes Kepler 1609, 1619 Galileo Galilei 1590, 1638 Isaac Newton 1666, 1687

A P C B Unification of astronomy and chemistry Approximavit Sidera X-ray Crystallography,…… A P C B Spectroscopy 1814 Hα Na Fe Hβ Fe,Ca Ca Joseph von Fraunhofer 1787 – 1826 Determination of the Refractive and the Dispersive Power of Different Kinds of Glass, with Reference to the Perfecting of Achromatic Telescopes Denkschriften der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, V., 193-226, 1817 Approximavit Sidera

H3+ Astronomy Chemistry Nuclear fusion Stars, Galaxies, Universe Atoms, Molecules, Matter Nuclear fusion H → He → C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S,…..Fe… Star ← Molecular cloud Interstellar chemistry Ion – neutral reactions H3+

H3+ Star formation Formation of molecules Star Diffuse cloud 102 cm-3 Dense cloud 104 cm-3 Formation of molecules Star H3+ Spontaneous emission Collision hν

Astronomers’ Periodic Table H He C N O Ne Mg Si S Ar Fe Ben McCall

Interstellar chemistry: Ion chemistry + H2 H2+ T ~ 30 K n ~ 104 cm-3  + Langevin potential Cosmic Ray H2 → H2+ H2+ + H2 → H + H3+ kL[H2][H2+] kL~ 10-9 cm3 s-1 H3+ + O → H2 + OH+ kL[H3+][O] kL~ 10-9 cm3 s-1 Interstellar acid H2 H2 e OH+ → H2O+ → H3O+ → H2O -H -H

H–C≡C–C≡C–C≡C–C≡C–C≡N 1975 Harry Kroto H–C≡C–C≡C–C≡C–C≡C–C≡N H–C≡C–C≡C–C≡C–C≡N H–C≡C–C≡C–C≡N H3+ William Klemperer 1970

Progress of the H3+ Observation 1975 HC5N, HC7N, HC9N 1980 Laboratory Spectrum Oka, Phys. Rev. Lett. 45, 531 T.G. H 1951 1989 - 95 H2 1996 Interstellar H3+, Discovery, Dense Clouds Geballe, Oka, Nature 384, 334 1970 1973 1999 Abundant in the Galactic center Geballe, McCall, Hinkle, Oka, ApJ M.G. 2002 Metastable H3+, Discovery, Galactic center Goto, McCall, Geballe, Oka, et al., PASJ H3+ 2004 Model calculation of thermalization Oka, Epp, ApJ Revelation of Hot and Diffuse Clouds near GC Oka, Geballe, Goto, Usuda, McCall, ApJ 1996 + 2008 Central 30 pc of the Galactic center Goto, Geballe, Nagata, Oka, et al., ApJ 140 pc West to 85 pc East of Sgr A Geballe, Oka, ApJ Comprehensive, Morphology (Expanding Molecular Ring) Oka et al. ApJ

The Central Molecular Zone (CMZ) The treasure house of H3+ R(1, 1)u R(1, 0) 3 × 1014 cm-2 10-5 10% T. R. Geballe, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A358, 2503 (2000) CMZ 400 pc

H3+の観測から何がわかるか I:温度･密度 Revelation of Warm (~ 250 K) and Diffuse (< 100 cm-3) Gas Spontaneous breakdown of symmetry (1,1) ground J Para I = 1/2 Ortho I = 3/2 (3,3) metastable T ~ 250 K 8 hrs 16 hrs (3,3) Metastable (2,2) unstable (2,2) n ≤ 100 cm-3 20.4 days 361 K (1,0) 27.2 days CO J = 1 (1,1) K Pan and Oka, 1987, ApJ, 305, 518 Oka and Epp, 2004, ApJ, 613, 349 Oka, Geballe, Goto, Usuda, McCall, 2005, ApJ, 632, 882

H3+の観測から何がわかるか II:イオン化率→軟宇宙線束 ζ ~ 3  10˗17 s-1 Dense clouds H2 → H2+ + e H2+ + H2 → H + H3+ dn(H3+)/dt = n(H2) H3+ + e → 3H, H2 + H  dn(H3+)/dt = ken(H3+)n(e)  L = 2 ke N(H3+)obs(nC/nH) 3  1015 cm-2 ζ ~ 3  10˗17 s-1 Dense clouds ζ ~ 3  10˗16 s-1 Diffuse clouds ζ ~ 3  10˗15 s-1 GC 早川幸男 Oka, Geballe, Goto, Usuda, McCall, 2005, ApJ, 632, 882

H3+の観測から何がわかるか III:速度プロファイル→気体の運動 Gravity or Explosion? Expanding Molecular Ring Kaifu et al. 1972、Scoville 1972, Sofue 1995 Gravity or　Explosion?

Telescopes and spectrometers Telescope D Spectrom. λ/Δλ UKIRT 3.8 m CGS4 40,000 Mauna Kea 1982 Subaru　 8.2 m IRCS 20,000 Mauna Kea 2000 Gemini South 8 m Phoenix 60,000 Cerro Pachon 2003 VLT 8.2 m CRIRES 100,000 Cerro Paranal 2006 Gemini North 8 m GENIRS 18,000 Mauna Kea 2011 Gemini North Gemini South Subaru UKIRT VLT

CMZ

Quintuplet Cluster Central Cluster 奥田治之 小林行泰 佐藤修二 長田哲也 GCS 3-2

New bright dust-embedded stars suitable for H3+ spectroscopy

Treasure hunting Dense (molecular) clouds New category of gas Galactic Disk Dense (molecular) clouds Diffuse clouds Galactic Center (the Central Molecular Zone) New category of gas Circum nuclear disk Extragalactic Object Obscured AGN Magellanic clouds Circumstellar Space Planetary nebulae Protoplanetary nebulae Planet Planets Proto-planet Exo-planet IRAS 19312+190, CRL 618 HD 141569A

Astronomy stimulates chemical physics Ion kinetics Dissociative recombination Spectroscopy H2+ H3+ H2 H- (H2-)

H2O+遠赤外線吸収 ラジオ波散乱 微細構造遷位 ラジオ波 赤外線 X-線 H3+ 赤外線吸収 γ-線 塵遠赤外発光 再結合線 CO ラジオ発光 再結合線 21cm HI 発光

H H2 1927 仁科芳雄 青山新一 木村健二郎 堀　健夫 H3+ Takeo Hori, Über die Analyse des Wasserstoffbandenspektrums im äussersten Ultraviolett, Z. Phys. 44 834 (1927) + 1980