The Low Number of Japanese Women in Japan Caused by Lack of Support or Something else? B16520 Hasumi Arai

日本人女性 就業率過去最高[2017 マイナビニュース] 日本人女性　就業率過去最高[2017 マイナビニュース] 2017マイナビニュース

Graph1 Trend of employment rate[MIC 2017] 16.5% MIC 2017

Graph2M-shaped Curve[CAO 2011]

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender r0le 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Support Economical Child rearing

The low number of Working Women in Japan is Caused by Lack of Economical and child rearing support or something else?

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender r0le 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

3⑴Lack of support by Husband Graph3 Housework time[OECD 2015] OECD 2015

Graph4 Housework time[OECD 2015]

OECD 2015

OECD 2015

3⑴Lack of support by Husband Graph5 Childcare payment acquisition rate 78% 3.2% Sweden Japan MHLW 2008 Nikkei 2017

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender r0le 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

3⑵Lack of Supports by Government Graph6 The childcare leave system of the world 3⑵Lack of Supports by Government Sweden German Japan Maternity leave ・Period 14weeks 　　　 ・Benefit ○ Childcare leave Until 3 years old Until 1 years old Up to 390 days, 80% benefit of wage. A fixed amount is paid until 480 days.(180 SEK per day) Up to 420 days, 67% benefit of this average wage for one year before birth. 50% benefit of wage. Short-time work system Parents can choose 12.5,25,50,75％of the length of conventional working hours for shortening working time. Parents can reduce working hours to 30 hours per week Not stipulated by low

3⑴Lack of support by Husband ・ Childcare acquision rate[JILPT 2016] 78% 34.6% Sweden Japan Germany 3.2% MHLW 2008 Nikkei 2017 JILPT 2016

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Low female career consciousness Graph7 The percentage of Employees[GN 2916] GN 2016

Low female career consciousness Graph8 Average wage by Employment type and Gender[MHLW 2016] MHLW 2016

34.2% The percentage of Japanese unmarried lady wants to be housewives NKS 2013

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender r0le 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

4⑵Caused by Gender role in Japanese Society Graph9 The percentage of Japanese who think "men should earn the family income and women should be a housewife”[Asahi 2016] Asahi 2016

There are Few Housewives Graph10 専業主婦世帯と共働き世帯[JILPT 2016] 6:4 JILPT 2016

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Consciousness of male participation in household affairs Analysis 3.1 Graph11 男性が家事・育児を行うことについてのイメージ CAO 2016

Japanese male are busy? Analysis 3.1 Geaph12 How to Spend Leisure time[OECD 2014] OECD 2014

Japanese male are busy? Graph13 Working hours of male Analysis 3.1 OECD 2014

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Japanese men cannot take Childcare leave Against their will? Analysis of 3.2 Japanese men cannot take Childcare leave Against their will? ユーキャン2014

Graph14 Children‘s Allowance[JILPT 2015]

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes 　 ⑴Individual choice ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Graph15 専業主婦へのアンケート[ソニー生命　２０１７] ソニー生命　2017

Graph15 専業主婦へのアンケート[ソニー生命　２０１７] ソニー生命 2017

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes　⑴Individual choice　　 ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Spouse deduction（配偶者控除制度） Analysis of 4.2 Spouse deduction（配偶者控除制度） 1 配偶者控除の概要  納税者に所得税法上の控除対象配偶者がいる場合には、一定の金額の所得 控除が受けられます。これを配偶者控除といいます。 2 控除対象配偶者となる人の範囲  控除対象配偶者とは、その年の12月31日の現況で、次の四つの要件のすべ てに当てはまる人です。 (1) 民法の規定による配偶者であること（内縁関係の人は該当しません。）。 (2) 納税者と生計を一にしていること。 (3) 年間の合計所得が３８万円以下であること。  （給与のみの場合は給与収入が103万円以下） NTA 2017

Graph16 Spouse deduction （配偶者控除制度）[NKS 2016] Analysis of 4.2 Graph16 Spouse deduction （配偶者控除制度）[NKS 2016] NKS 2016

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes　⑴Individual choice　　 ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion

Conclusion The low number of Working Women in Japan is Caused by Lack of Economical support and Shortage of time

Outline 1 Introduction 2 Defining terms 3 Lack of Support ⑴Husband ⑵Government 4 Other causes　⑴Individual choice　　 ⑵Gender role 5 Analysis 6 Conclusion