土石流の観測手法 Monitoring method for debris flow
土石流の発生 Occurrence of debris flow 降雨、融雪等による水の供給 Supply of water by rainfall and snow melt 地滑り・斜面崩壊等による谷のせき止め→天然ダムの形成 Dam up of valley by landslide, slope failure, etc. → Natural dam 渓床堆積物が飽和 Saturation of stream deposits by water 流水が増加 Increase of water flow 斜面の土壌水分量の増加→強度低下Increase of water contents in slope soil → decrease of soil strength 天然ダムの決壊 Collapse of natural dam ・越流による浸食 Collapse by over flow ・すべり破壊による決壊Collapse by slide type failure ・進行性破壊による決壊 Collapse by progressing failure 渓床の堆積土砂が移動開始 Start of movement of stream deposits 斜面崩壊の発生→流動化 Occurrence of slope failure → develop into flow 土石流 Debris flow
土石流の観測手法 Monitoring method for debris flow 降雨観測 Rainfall monitoring →現象(発生条件)の解明、警戒避難 To make clear the phenomena(condition of occurrence), warning and evacuation ・雨量計、レーダー雨量計 Rain gauge, Radar rain gauge 検知センサー Detection sensor →警戒避難 Warning and evacuation 流動過程の観測 Monitoring of flow process →現象の解明To make clear the phenomena ・流動状況の撮影(監視カメラでのビデオ撮影) Picture of flow using video camera ・水位、流速、流量の観測(超音波式センサー、映像解析等) Monitoring of water level, speed and volume of flow (supersonic wave sensor, analysis of video image) 侵食、堆積状況等に関する調査、測量 Investigation and survey about erosion and sedimentation →現象の解明 To make clear the phenomena
降雨観測の目的 Purpose of rainfall monitoring 現象の解明 To make clear the phenomena 降雨及び土石流発生実態のデータ蓄積 Accumulation of data of rainfall and occurrence of debris flow 土石流が発生する降雨条件の解明 To make clear the condition of debris flow occurrence 発生予測及び警戒避難 Prediction of occurrence, warning and evacuation 降雨観測値(+予測雨量)からの土石流発生予測 Prediction of debris flow occurrence from the observed rainfall (+predicted rainfall) 警戒避難の実施 Warning and evacuation
土石流発生危険基準線の設定 Set up of critical line between safe area and dangerous area against debris flow occurrence Dangerous area safe area Critical line
降雨からの土石流発生予測の課題 Problems about prediction of debris flow occurrence from the rainfall 雨量観測値及び予測値の精度向上(空間分布等) Improvement of the accuracy of rainfall observation and prediction →雨量観測点の高密度化、レーダー雨量計の活用、予測手法 の向上 High density of the distribution of rain gauge stations, application of the radar rain gauge, improvement of prediction method 発生前の長期的な降雨によって土中に貯留される水量の評価Evaluation of water content accumulated in the slope soil by long-term rainfall before the occurrence of debris flow 連続雨量→タンクモデル、実効雨量 Continuous rainfall → tank model, effective rainfall
土中に貯留される水量の評価 Evaluation of water content accumulated in the slope soil タンクモデル:流入・流出口に係数を設定したタンクで表現 Tank model:Expressed by tank, with the factors set up at the water entrance and exit of the tank 実効雨量:先行して降った降雨を時間経過に応じて減衰させながら加算した雨量 Effective rainfall:added rainfall in which the former rainfall is reduced as time progress これらは降雨時の土中水分変化を模擬的に表したものといえる。 These are regarded to represent the change of water content in slope soil imitatively.
タンクモデル及び実効雨量の問題点 Problems of tank model and effective rainfall 入力(降雨観測値)と出力(土石流の発生・非発生)のみが与えられ、途中の過程がブラックボックスの状態での解析によって係数や半減期を設定The tank factors and the reduction factors of effective rainfall are set up by analysis in which only input (observed rainfall) and output (occurrence and non-occurrence of debris flow) are given, and the process is ‘black box’. 設定された係数や半減期が本当にその地区の土壌水分変化を精度よく表現できているとは限らない The factors do not always represent the change of water content of slope soil accurately. 予測のばらつきの一因 It is one of the cause of an error of prediction
タンクモデル及び実効雨量の問題点 Problems of tank model and effective rainfall 改善策 Improvement method 降雨時の土壌水分変化の実態に合わせたタンクモデルの係数設定、実効雨量の半減期設定 Set up of the tank factor and reduction factor of effective rainfall fitting with the change of water content of slope soil 土壌水分量あるいは斜面からの流出量そのものの観測値を指標とした警戒避難基準の設定 Set up of warning and evacuation standard using water content value or water flow out volume itself - 土壌水分変化のデータが絶対的に不足 - Lack of data of the change of water content
土石流検知センサー Debris flow detection sensor
土石流検知センサーの目的 Purpose of debris flow detection sensor 警戒避難 Warning and evacuation 土石流の検知 Detection of the occurrence of debris flow 警報 Alarm 警戒避難の実施 Warning and evacuation
土石流検知センサーの種類 The kind of debris flow detection sensor 接触型センサー Contact type sensor ・ワイヤーセンサー Wire sensor ・ハネルセンサー Flipping sensor 非接触型センサー Non-contact type sensor ・光センサー Optical sensor ・超音波センサー Supersonic wave sensor ・振動センサー Vibration sensor
ワイヤーセンサー Wire sensor 渓流を横断してワイヤーを設置 → ワイヤーを土石流が切断 → 土石流を検知 Installation of wire across the stream → Debris flow cuts the wire → Detection of debris flow 最も一般的 Most popular sensor 確実性が高い High reliability of detection 一度切れると再設置が必要 Reinstallation is required after detection (break of the wire) 動物や落石等による誤作動 の可能性 Possibility of misdetection triggered by animal or rock fall etc. Wire Detector
ハネルセンサー Flipping sensor 渓流内に棒をぶら下げる → 土石流が棒を跳ね上げる → 土石流を検知 Hang the bars in the stream → Debris flow flips the bars → Detection of debris flow 確実性が高い High reliability of detection 再設置することなく連続検知が可能 Multiple detection is possible without reinstallation of the sensor 流路が広い場合には設置コストが かかる High installation cost is needed in case of wide stream Usual state Detection of the debris flow End of the debris flow
光センサー Optical sensor ワイヤーの代わりに光を使用 → 光を土石流が断絶 → 土石流を検知 Use of the light instead of wire → Debris flow interrupts the light → Detection of debris flow 再設置することなく連続検知が可能であるが、レンズが汚れた場合には連続検知が不可能 Multiple detection is possible without reinstallation of the sensor, but in case of the dirt on the lens, multiple detection is impossible. 確実性がやや低い Reliability of detection is slightly low. 豪雨や濃霧等による誤作動の可能性 Possibility of misdetection triggered by heavy rainfall or dense fog etc. レンズの汚れ防止のため保守 点検の頻度が高い Often maintenance is needed to keep the lens clean 高価 High cost sensor Control unit Light Reflector Transmitter and receiver
振動センサー Vibration sensor 土石流による地盤振動を観測・検知 → 土石流を検知 Monitoring and detection of the ground vibration caused by debris flow → Detection of debris flow 再設置することなく連続検知が可能 Multiple detection is possible without reinstallation of the sensor 高価 High cost sensor 振動と土石流規模の関係がまだ 不明確 Relationship between vibration scale and debris flow scale is still unclear. 土石流振動と地震や動物等によ る振動を区別して検出する必要 がある(1基では困難) It is necessary to detect debris flow vibration and other vibration (earthquake, animal, etc.) distinctly (difficult in case of only one sensor) Debris flow Ground vibration Vibration sensor Vibration sensor Vibration sensor Vibration sensor さらなる研究が必要 Further research is needed