Introduction to Organic Compounds Chap.1 Part 2 Introduction to Organic Compounds §1 代表的な有機化合物 §2 アルキル基(有機化合物の部分構造名) §3 官能基(functional groups) §4 分子間力(molecular force) §5 溶解(solubility) §6 酸と塩基(solubility) §7 酸塩基性と構造との関係 §8 酸塩基性としての有機化学反応 §9 有機反応機構(mechanism)
Summary of Important Families of Organic Compounds 官能基(Functional group)
Summary (cont.)
Alkyl Halides 官能基が結合する炭素の種類 1級炭素 2級炭素 3級炭素 Alcohols
Physical Properties and Molecular Structure = ≡
分子間力 イオン結合 双極子・双極子引力 水素結合 Van der Waals 結合(疎水結合)
Ion-Ion Forces very strong forces that hold a solid compound consisting of ions together in a crystalline lattice Boiling points are so high that organic ions often decompose before they boil mp 324℃ CH3COO- Na+ 融解 17℃ CH3COOH
Dipole-Dipole Forces Dipole-dipole forces are between molecules with permanent dipoles Example: acetone
Hydrogen Bonds Hydrogen bonds result from very strong dipole-dipole forces ●酸素原子 ○ 水素原子 Example: 水 H2O
Example: Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) Bp +78.5oC methyl ether (CH3OCH3) bp -24.9oC
mpを決定する要素:分子間力 C4H9-OH異性体 水素結合+ symmetrical molecules tend to pack better in the crystalline lattice and have higher melting points
van der Waals Forces (London or Dispersion Forces) 無極性分子間にも引力が働く Mp of methane (CH4) -162oC ethane (C2H6) -88.2oC Larger organic molecules tend to have more surface area in contact with each other and so have stronger van der Waals interactions
Solubilities 溶解 Water dissolves ionic solids by forming strong dipole-ion interactions These dipole-ion interactions are powerful enough to overcome lattice energy and interionic interactions in the solid
有機化合物は水に溶けるか? 溶ける例 アルコール:水 溶けない例 エーテル:水 油(アルカン):水 Hexane CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 Hexane
アルコール類の水溶性 CnH2n+1-OH n<3 水溶性 n>4 難溶性 n>6 水に不溶