Elements of Style Rule 7-11 (P7-14)

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1 Elements of Style Rule 7-11 (P7-14)
医学英語III Elements of Style Rule 7-11 (P7-14)

2 最初に Elements of Style, Fourth Editionの購入を忘れずに！

3 Rule 7　コロン(:)の使い方 A colon tells the reader that what follows is closely related to the preceding clause. The colon has more effect than the comma, less power to separate than the semicolon, and more formality than the dash. It usually follows an independent clause and should not separate a verb from its complement or a preposition from its object. コロンの前と後の関係は？ コロンを使う効果は？ コロンを使っていけない環境は？ 　→説明文の後にある例文で確認（どれが誤りでどれが正解かを間違 えないように）

4 Rule 8　ダッシュ(－)の使い方 Use a dash to set off an abrupt break or interruption and to announce a long appositive or summary. A dash is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than a colon, and more relaxed than parentheses. ダッシュの効果は？ ダッシュを使っていけない環境は？ 　→説明文の後にある例文で確認（どれが誤りでどれが正解かを間違 えないように）

5 Rule 9　主語と動詞の一致 The number of the subject determines the number of the verb. Words that intervene between subject and verb do not affect the number of the verb. 主語と動詞の一致関係を捉える →間に他の要素が入っていてもそれに惑わされない 関係節を含む文では、先行詞との一致なのか主節（核となる文）の 動詞との一致なのかを意識する →　先行詞（かつ主節の主語）　which/who V（関係節の動詞）… V（主 節の動詞） … .

6 Rule 9　主語と動詞の一致 Use a singular verb form after each, either, everyone, everybody, neither, nobody, someone. 他にNoneの使い方 andが使われているときも注意 →二つのものを組み合わせて複数としてカウント →総称的な呼び名などで単数としてカウント（歌手名など） 複数形に見えても総称的な呼び名で単数扱い

7 Rule 9 主語と動詞の一致 a number of 複数名詞 vs. the number of 複数名詞
a. A number of students was absent. b. A number of students were absent. a number of 複数名詞は「たくさんの…」という意味 a. The number of students absent was surprising. b. The number of students absent were surprising. the number of 複数名詞は「…の数」という意味 他にtotal, majorityも同様に扱われる傾向

8 Rule 10 代名詞の格（case）の扱い 主語として用いられているか、目的語として扱われているか
A pronoun in a comparison is nominative if it is the subject of a stated or understood verb. -> Sandy writes better than I. (… than I write.) In general, avoid “understood” verbs by supplying them. 同じ動詞の繰り返しは避ける。ただ、意味を取り違えないように繰り 返したり、代用動詞のdo/doesを用いることも a. Polly loves cake more than me. b. Polly loves cake more than she loves me.

9 Rule 10 代名詞の格（case）の扱い ちなみに… thanの後ろで主格（例えば、I）なのか目的格（例えば、me）なのかで すが、
In informal speech and writing, native speakers often use an object pronoun after than and as. This is acceptable in everyday speech, but should be avoided in more formal kinds of writing, such as papers for school. ex.) Formal English × He is nicer than me. / ○ He is nicer than I. ex.) Informal English OK He is nicer than me.

10 Rule 10 代名詞の格（case）の扱い 代名詞の格による意味の違い Do you mind me asking a question?
Do you mind my asking a question? In the first sentence, the queried objection is to me, as opposed to other members of the group, asking a question. In the second example, the issue is whether a question may be asked at all. 人に対しての強調か行動に対しての強調か？

11 Rule 11　分詞構文の主語 A participial phrase at the beginning of a sentence must refer to the grammatical subject. 分詞構文の主語は基本、主節の主語と同じ これらの文がなぜダメなのか？ Being in a dilapidated condition, I was able to buy the house very cheap. Wondering irresolutely what to do next, the clock struck twelve.

12 次回のテスト範囲 説明してきた部分（Rule 7-11）がテスト範囲です。
説明をした部分の重要事項をもう一度テキストで確認をしてテストに 臨んでください。