The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Women or Men? Natsuka Yamamoto
1. Introduction (Nihon Keizai Shimbun 2018)
Social Security System 1. Introduction Decreasing the Number of Children Community (Social Capital) Social Security System Workforce Politics (Election) Consumption Activity (Matsuda 2013: 8-11)
1. Introduction Over 20 Years 1990 Figure 1: The number of children over 70 years (1947-2016) Over 20 Years (CAO 2018: 6) 2016 (CAO 2017)
Outline Introduction Defining Terms Fault of Women Fault of Men Analysis Conclusion
2. Defining Terms RESPONSIBILITY Fault Men Women Other
2. Defining Terms The Causes and Reasons for The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Women or Men? The Causes and Reasons for the Falling Number of Children are Women’s Responsibility? Men’s Responsibility?
Outline Introduction Defining Terms Fault of Women Fault of Men Analysis Conclusion
3. Fault of Women 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course
3. Fault of Women 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate Figure 2: Change of 20-44-year-old Women’s Working Rate and Unmarried Rate (1970-2010) Higher Working Rate (Abe 2016: 55)
3. Fault of Women 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate Figure 3: People’s Views about Children Born in Unmarried Couples (2005) (MHLW 2005: 13)
3. Fault of Women 2.11% 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate Figure 4: Rate of Children Who Were Born in Unmarried Couples (2009) 2.11% (MHLW 2015)
3. Fault of Women Marriage = Childbirth 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate わが国では結婚と出産が直接的に結びついており、非嫡出子の割合は2013年で2.21%（厚生労働省「人口動態調査」）に過ぎない。 …晩婚化や未婚化といった結婚行動の変化が出生率の低下をもたらしたという見解は妥当であろう。 (Abe 2016: 23) Marriage = Childbirth
3. Fault of Women The Causes and Reasons for The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Women or Men? The Causes and Reasons for the Falling Number of Children are Women’s Responsibility? Men’s Responsibility?
3. Fault of Women 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course
3. Fault of Women 17.7% 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course Table 1: Changes in Women’s Plan for Their Life Course (1987-2010) 17.7% (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 62)
3. Fault of Women Marriage = Childbirth 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course わが国では結婚と出産が直接的に結びついており、非嫡出子の割合は2013年で2.21%（厚生労働省「人口動態調査」）に過ぎない。 …晩婚化や未婚化といった結婚行動の変化が出生率の低下をもたらしたという見解は妥当であろう。 (Abe 2016: 23) Marriage = Childbirth
3. Fault of Women 3.2 The Number of Children Each Woman Give Birth Figure 5: The Ideal Number of Children of Women Who Do not Wish to Get Married (2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 75)
3. Fault of Women The Causes and Reasons for The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Women or Men? The Causes and Reasons for the Falling Number of Children are Women’s Responsibility? Men’s Responsibility?
3. Fault of Women 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course
Outline Introduction Defining Terms Fault of Women Fault of Men Analysis Conclusion
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Figure 6: Number of Unmarried People Not Wanting to Get Married (1987-2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 16)
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Figure 7: Rate of Unmarried Men Who Feel Benefit of Getting Married and Being Single (1987-2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 27)
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Table 2: Reasons Why Unmarried Men Feel Benefit of Being Single (1987-2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 31) FREEDOM & SELFISH..
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Table 3: Things Unmarried Men Care When They Think About Getting Married (2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 32) FREEDOM & SELFISH..
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Figure 8: Rate of People Who Do Not Have Boyfriend or Girlfriend and Not Wish to Have One(2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 42)
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Real Voice 「子供の将来に責任を持てるかと考えてしまうので。」 (男性／25歳） 「自分の趣味の時間がなくなるから。」(男性／31歳） 「結婚すると奥さんや子供に時間を取られるので。」 (男性／30歳） 「家事などは苦にならないし、ひとりで過ごしたいから」 （男性／44歳） (Mynavi 2015a/2017)
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 少子化が意識された1990年代初頭には、こうした結婚の減少は結婚のタイミングの変化である「晩婚化」とみなされていた。しかし、現在では生涯結婚をしないという意味の「非婚化」によるものと考えられている。…生涯未婚率は1960年ごろまで男女ともに2%未満であったが、その後上昇をして2010年には女性で10.6%、男性では20.1%まで上昇している。現在の若年層の未婚率はさらに高く、生涯未婚率は今後も高まることが予想され、非婚化は構造的な問題となっている。 (Abe 2016: 51-52)
4. Fault of Men The Causes and Reasons for The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Women or Men? The Causes and Reasons for the Falling Number of Children are Women’s Responsibility? Men’s Responsibility?
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare
4. Fault of Men 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare Figure 9: Average Time Parents Who Have Children under 6 Spend for Housework and Childcare in a Day (2016) (GEBCO 2018)
4. Fault of Men 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare Figure 10: Average Time Parents Who Have Children under 6 Spend for Housework and Childcare in a Day, Compared to Other Countries (2016) (Fathering Japan 2018)
4. Fault of Men 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare Figure 11: How Long People Spend on Hobbies in a Day (1996-2016) (CAO 2016: 3)
4. Fault of Men 10.0% 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare Table 4: The Reasons Why Women Do Not Have the Ideal Number of Children (2015) 10.0% (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2017: 74)
4. Fault of Men 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare Figure 12: Total Fertility Rate versus Share of Housework/Childcare Done by Men (2000) (Vox 2014)
4. Fault of Men 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare 女性の社会進出や少子化の進行を背景に、父親の育児参加を促進している。政府は「子ども・子育てビジョン」（2010年閣議決定）において目指すべき社会像の一つとして「男性も女性も仕事と生活が調和する社会」をあげて、6歳未満の子どもをもつ男性の一日あたりの育児・家事関連時間を現状の60分から2014年には2時間30分までのばす目標を掲げている。背景には、男性の育児参加が進まないことが女性の社会進出を阻害しており、出生率を下げているのではないかという問題意識がある。 (Matsuda 2013: 94)
4. Fault of Men The Causes and Reasons for The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Women or Men? The Causes and Reasons for the Falling Number of Children are Women’s Responsibility? Men’s Responsibility?
4. Fault of Men 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare
Outline Introduction Defining Terms Fault of Women Fault of Men Analysis Conclusion
5. Analysis 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare
5. Analysis 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate Figure 13: The Reasons Why 25-34-year-old Women Keep Being Singles (1992-2015) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2017: 19)
5. Analysis 23.2% 職場恋愛 職場結婚 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate Table 5: Where Women Met Their Partners at the First Time (2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 43) 職場恋愛 職場結婚 23.2%
5. Analysis 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare
5. Analysis 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course Table 5: Changes in Women’s Ideal and Plan for Their Life Course (1987-2010) 4.9%→17.7% 19.7%→9.1% (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 62)
5. Analysis 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course Figure 14: Hardships Women Face to Get Married(1987-2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 49)
5. Analysis 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course Real Voice 「今の生活に満足しているし、もし結婚して失敗したらどうしようと不安になって勇気がでないから」（女性/31歳） 「昔は見た目重視だと思っていたが、経済力や性格なども大切であると気付いた」（女性/ 22歳） 「夢だけでは結婚できないと思った」（女性/ 29歳） (Mynavi 2014/2015b)
5. Analysis Other 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course Women 少子化の大きな要因は、非正規雇用などで結婚できない若者が増えていること。若い世代の雇用を安定させ、結婚して子どもを産み育てやすい環境を整えないと、出生率は改善していかない (Matsuda 2013: 10) Other Women
5. Analysis 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare
5. Analysis 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Figure 15: Unmarried People’s Ideal Number of Children (1982-2015) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2017: 67)
5. Analysis 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Figure 16: The Reasons Why 25-34-year-old Men Keep Being Singles (1992-2010) (National Institute of Population and Social Security Research 2012: 53)
3. Analysis Other 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage Men Real Voice 「経済的に今の段階では、相手につらい思いをさせるから」（男性／44歳） 結婚はしたいが、今の経済状況的に無理だと思っているから」（男性／39歳） 「結婚できるほどの収入がない。今の収入では子どもの学費も支払えない。」(男性／ 30 歳) (Mynavi 2017/ DAI-ICHI LIFE RESEARCH INSTITUTE INC. 2009: 25)
5. Analysis 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare
5. Analysis 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare Figure 18: Average Hours People Work in A Year (1980-2015) (JILPT 2017a: 201)
5. Analysis 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare Figure 17: Proportion of Workers Working 49 Hours or More Per Week (2015) (JILPT 2017b: 206)
5. Analysis 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare (MHLW 1997) (EQG Organization 1997)
5. Analysis 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare 男がつらい 仕事も家事も育児も完璧なんて無理だよ！ 仕事も家事も育児も楽しもう！ 「イクメン」として家庭進出している男たちが、息切れしそうになっている。まったく逆の完璧プレッシャーをどこかで聞いたことがある。 そう。男のつらさは女のつらさと表裏一体なのだ。… (AERA 2014: 10)
5. Analysis 3.1 Working Rate and Unmarried Rate 3.2 Women’s Plan for Their Life Course 4.1 Less Desire for Marriage 4.2 Nonparticipation in Housework and Childcare
Outline Introduction Defining Terms Fault of Women Fault of Men Analysis Conclusion
6. Conclusion The Causes and Reasons for The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Women or Men? The Causes and Reasons for the Falling Number of Children are Women’s Responsibility? Men’s Responsibility?
The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Men. 6. Conclusion The Falling Number of Children: The Fault of Men.
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