Three Super-kingdoms of Life 第1回　細胞とは何か？ 海底の熱水噴出口で最初の生命が発生した？ 酸化剤 還元剤 独立栄養生物 別冊日経サイエンス「生命の起源 その核心に迫る」 29年度分子細胞学 第１回②　 課題レポート第1回 ミトコンドリアあるいはプラスチドが細胞内共生で生じたと考えられる実験的・物質的証拠をできるだけ多く挙げよ。(5/6提出) 分子細胞学第1回その1 Three Super-kingdoms of Life Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya Complex II=コハク酸脱水素酵素 (SDHとそのホモログ）の系統樹：ミトコンドリアの起源を示す。SDHはFRDから進化した？ Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B (2003) 358, 165–179 太線部分が好熱性 Figure 1. Phylogeny based on plastid and bacterial protein sequences　The analysis is based on the concatenated dataset of plastid-encoded proteins (50 proteins; 10,334 amino acid positions). The tree has been inferred with BI with the WAG+F+Γ model. Numbers in italics represent support values obtained with 100 bootstrap replicates on the concatenated dataset with PhyML (WAG+F+Γ model), and numbers below (in bold) represent bootstrap values based on 10,000 RELL replicates of the sML analysis (see Experimental Procedures for details). The presence of a single value indicates that this branch was constrained in the separate analysis (except for the position of Euglena, which was also constrained). The scale bar denotes the estimated number of amino acid substitutions per site. Bootstrap values lower than 50% obtained in both approaches are not shown. The dotted line indicates the position of the root, which was inferred with a dataset of 26 plastid proteins including 13 additional bacteria (see Figure S1). Species names in certain colors denote the following: in green, green plants plus the secondary-plastid-containing Euglena; in red, red algae and secondary-plastid-containing Odontella and Guillardia; and in blue, glaucophytes. Taxon designations are as follows: Anthoceros formosae, Marchantia polymorpha, Physcomitrella patens, Chaetosphaeridium globosum, Euglena gracillis, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, Nephroselmis olivacea, Mesostigma viride, Cyanidioschyzon merolae, Cyanidium caldarium, Odontella sinensis, Guillardia theta, Porphyra purpurea, Gracilaria tenuistipitata, and Cyanophora paradoxa. Prochlorococcus stands for Prochlorococcus marinus. Note that we have not included Synechococcus PCC6301 because it is closely related if not identical with Synechococcus PCC7942. Figure 3. The combined ME tree for FRD and SDH based on amino-acid sequences. Note that the sequence from Dirofilaria immitis has not been explicitly annotated as a FRD. Abbreviations, methods, bootstrap values and other details are as described in the legend to figure 1. Accession numbers clockwise starting with Aquifex aeolicus: O66855, O06913, Q9HJG7, Q9YDG3, Q10760, Q9KNS5, P00363, AAA16097, NPF539079, NPF422321, BAA13119, AAF21045, O82663, Q00711, Q33862, AAB34901, Q09508, BAB84191, P31040, Q94523, BAA84681, P78282, Q9JUT3, P73479. Scale bar shows substitutions per site. プラスチドゲノムにコードされている50 proteins; 10,334 amino acid positionsの比較結果 プラスチドの起源　葉緑体・光合成関連遺伝子はシアノバクテリアに由来する Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 361: 1837-1843，2006 フマル酸還元酵素　　　　　回虫・フィラリア Cur. Biol.15: 1325-1330, 2005