オーストラリア研究(英語) Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) Japanese （SECOND WORLD）war brides and their husbands in the garden of Gordon Parker's parents' home. Ringwood 1953 Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jp ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

Hand in your Racial Discrimination Homework Don’t forget to write your name!

Letter from a Tsuda Student… WEATHER The temperature reaches over 20℃ every day here on the Gold Coast and last week, it was 33℃!! It’s hotter than in Japan even if it’s winter here… The biggest cause is global warming, you know, and the coral reefs are dying in many places. Great Barrier Reef is no exception, but the interest in environment is high here, and we can see many programmes about pollution or waste on TV. e.g. “War on Waste” (ABC)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HtLz27TU-Hc

Letter from a Tsuda Student… INDIGENOUS PEOPLE Anzac Day was very big, and many people attended it, but there was nothing big on National Sorry Day/Aboriginal Week. Like my host mother, many local people have the recognition that Australia is not their own land, but it seems that Aborigine is separated from everyday life They partially respect indigenous culture; for example, when a famous Aboriginal singer died, the news reported it with his picture with mosaic mask and without name, but there is distance between “Australians” and Aborigines.

Letter from a Tsuda Student… IMMIGRANTS Most of the students in the EAP (English for Academic Purposes) programme are from China (70%) followed by India. They study to get a VISA, and most of them are applying for construction because it’s the easiest to get Some locals are concerned about the growing population, especially limits on water supply and habitable land (housing). My teacher pays AU$600 (\50,000) for 2 people for 3 months. My agency advised me to have 5 minute shower in my home stay…

Racial Discrimination in Australia: Past Aborigines/Stolen Generations 　white superiority, Aborigines as animals ‘Yellow peril’ 　Immigration Restriction Act (White Australia policy) 　Internment of Japanese during WWII ‘Wogs’ (Italians, Greeks) Discrimination against Irish (Ned Kelly)

R.D. in Australia: Now Aborigines (e.g. intervention policy) Racial Discrimination Act suspended 07-10 Aborigines (e.g. intervention policy) N.B. legally have same rights Asians: racist violence (e.g….) Quite a few people assumed that because Australia was multicultural there was no racism...

Protest in New Delhi against racial attacks on Indians in Australia Indian activists of National Akali Dal hold an image of Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd as they shout slogans against racial attacks on Indians in Australia during a protest in New Delhi on January 17. Australia's foreign minister told parliament some of the recent violence against Indian students had clearly been racially motivated and had "considerably damaged" the nation's reputation. (January 17th 2010)

R.D. in Australia: Now Aborigines (e.g. intervention policy) Racial Discrimination Act suspended 07-10 Aborigines (e.g. intervention policy) N.B. legally have same rights… Asians: racist violence (e.g….) Anti-Japanese/Chinese feeling barred entry to nightclubs/pubs, ‘Jap’ 　whaling… ‘One Nation’ Party (Pauline Hanson) (X White Australia policy) Cronulla Beach Riots (Sydney) Quite a few people assumed that because Australia was multicultural there was NO racism today!!

December 2005 December 2005

Cronulla Riots

人類間対立暴力の応酬 讀賣新聞１４．１２．０５ p.7

「白豪主義」なお 豪・移民と衝突 衝突は、１９７０年代に撤廃されたとはいえ、完全に消え去ることのない「白豪主義」と、米同時テロ以降に深まった中東系移民への不信感に起因する民族対立を改めて浮き彫りにした。 イスラム系人口は全体の１．５％（３０万人） ４割は７０年代の内戦を逃れてきたレバノン系 讀賣新聞 2005.12.13 p.7

R.D. in Japan: Past Ainu /Okinawaans (cultural destruction) Colonialism - e.g. Manchurian incident / 創氏改名 Koreans and Chinese forced workers - e.g. massacre after 1923 earthquake (x) Burakumin (eta-hinin) (?)鬼畜米兵 (x) 鎖国 (x) Christians （そうしかいめい） (満洲事変) 亀戸事件・甘粕事件

R.D. in Japan: Present ? Foreign workers: low pay & poor conditions ? Foreign students (housing), 外(国)人label ? Foreigners (esp. Chinese) as ‘criminals’ Korean residents in Japan (educ./marriage) In Japan, racial discrimination not illegal…

Provocateurs: Riot police prevent an anti-Korean group (at left) and Korean residents and their supporters from clashing Sunday in the Shin-Okubo district in Tokyo (Japan Times, May 23rd, 2013)

通名＝（つうめい）とは、通称名の略。現在、一般に「通名」とは外国籍の者が日本国内で使用する通称名を指す。In English, it’s the name a person goes　by, a nickname, or an assumed name.

R.D. in Japan: Present ? Foreign workers: low pay & poor conditions ? Foreign students (housing), 外(国)人label ? Foreigners (esp. Chinese) as ‘criminals’ Korean residents in Japan (educ./marriage) “Japanese Only”‘外国人禁止’ (onsen/浦和) In Japan, racial discrimination not illegal…

2014/03/08: Banner in front of Urawa Red’s Supporters Section “The area behind the goal post is our domain. We don’t want to see other people, especially foreigners, entering that area.”

R.D. in Japan: Present ? Foreign workers: low pay & poor conditions ? Foreign students (housing), 外(国)人label ? Foreigners (esp. Chinese) as ‘criminals’ Korean residents in Japan (educ./marriage) “Japanese Only”‘外国人禁止’ (onsen/浦和) Targeting dark-skinned people for 職務質問 akogare towards white people… （しょくむしつもん） In Japan, racial discrimination not illegal…

[金髪に高い鼻」は人種差別、ANA新CMに外国人から苦情 http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2014/01/24/issues/dont-let-ana-off-the-hook-for-that-offensive-ad/#.UuWxGPsbxkg Video available at http://www.debito.org/ANAHanedaAd2014.mp4 January 2014 http://www.debito.org/ANAHanedaAd2014.mp4

R.D. in Japan: Present ? Foreign workers: low pay & poor conditions ? Foreign Students (housing), 外(国)人label ? Foreigners (esp. Chinese) as ‘criminals’ Korean residents in Japan (educ./marriage) “Japanese Only”‘外国人禁止’ (onsen/浦和) Distrust/dislike/fear of black people akogare towards white people… (?) Ainu (1997振興法): apathy more than racism… (?) Assimilation （同化） of minorities… (X) Women (X) Voting rights (参政権) for foreigners… In Japan, racial discrimination not illegal…

“The International is personal” Japan-Australia Relations (II) “The International is personal”

This book tells the story of Michi, one of 650 Japanese war brides who arrived in Australia in the early 1950s. The women met Australian servicemen in post-war Japan and decided to migrate to Australia as wives and fiancées to start a new life. In 1953, when Michi reached Sydney Harbour by boat with her two Japanese-born children, she knew only one person in Australia: her husband. She did not know any English so she quickly learned her first English phrase, "I like Australia", in the car on the way from the harbour to meet her Australian family. In the last fifty years, she brought up seven children while the family moved from one part of Australia to another. Now, in her eighties, she leads a peaceful life in Adelaide, but remains active in many ways. Her voice is full of life and she looks and sounds much younger than her age. ７３人未読!!!

Australian troops part of BCOF (British Commonwealth Occupation Forces) 1947: 12,000 Australians in Japan British Commonwealth Occupation Forces (BCOF) (British, Australians, and New Zealand, India) responsible for Hiroshima-ken. Most Australians in Kure – 12,000 at peak in 1947 呉市

Anti-Fraternisation Policy (非交際対策) Personal Contacts with the Japanese banned

Australian soldiers were not allowed to enter… Private houses, apartments, hotels Trains, trams, buses, taxis Restaurants, cafes, bars Cinemas, dance halls, barbers, banks, banks, brothels Beaches, pools, streams 立ち入り禁止区域!

“while relatives remain of the men who suffered at the hands of the Japanese, it would be the grossest act of public indecency to permit a Japanese of either sex to pollute (汚染) Australian or Australian-controlled shores” Arthur Calwell, Minister of Immigration (1948)

Fraternisation… 10-20,000 Japanese employed by BCOF Lived and worked closely together Prostitution flourished Relationships inevitable

Pidgin Japanese (片言日本語) Moose Hubba-hubba Onriwan Pampangaaru

Pidgin Japanese (片言日本語) Moose Hubba-hubba Onriwan Pampangaaru Young J. girl Hurry Mistress/Lover Prostitute

パンパン・ガール (II) 1) アメリカ人の仕種から来た 1) アメリカ人の仕種から来た 左の拳を丸めて穴を作って、その上をふたをするように、右手の手のひらでつたたく、これが。。。あれしよう。。。っていう意味。たたくときパンパンって昔がすることから、娼婦のことパンパンって言う　（小学館文庫） 食べ物 娼婦はパンを食べるのでパンパンという。。。 OR cost=2 pieces of bread?!? しぐさ=acting/comic business “Panpan: Streetwalking in Occupied Japan” – academic paper on HP…

“I had poison and a suicide letter. He didn’t know “I had poison and a suicide letter. He didn’t know. I kept that deep in my drawer and when the time comes I will destroy myself because I disgraced my parents, sister you know. And after he go, what the people say…like Madam Butterfly.” Teruko Blair

‘War Brides’ Refused entry until 1952 Cherry Parker (Sakuramoto Nobuko) first to arrive with 2 kids in June 1952 1952-57: 650 arrived Temporary 5-year visa Cf America 50,000 Note English or Anglicised names (1947 89.7% of Australians Anglo-Celtic, 0.8% Asian)

Most war brides naturalised (帰化) Brides as cultural ambassadors stimulating immigration reform 「冷え切った日豪関係を雪解け期に導いた、貴重な存在」 1956/7 Change in Citizenship Law Non-Europeans could become citizens 1958 Revised Migration Act Dictation test abolished Race no longer mentioned Most war brides naturalised (帰化) Brides as cultural ambassadors: foundation for post-war J community and stimulated immigration reform, end of White Australia Policy (1973) Naturalisation meant loss of J citizenship: even those who didn’t naturalise were unable to pass J nationality to children until 1986!)

Reaction to ‘War-Brides’ ‘The decision [to accept Japanese war brides] is shameful and disgraceful…the government has forgotten the feelings of mothers, wives, and sisters of the men butchered by the Japanese’ Arthur Calwell, Melbourne Herald April 2 1952

Reaction to War-Brides Discrimination called ‘Jap’, refused entry/service in shops… though often women seen as ‘victims’; hostility reserved mainly for Japanese men Idea of ‘White Australia’ still widely accepted Immigration restrictions on non-Europeans Assimilation (同化) expectations strong… Become ‘Australian’, throw away Japan Easy to crticise assimilationist views as narrow-minded from today’s multi-culturalist perspective, but in the 1950s assimilation – learning to behave in the same way as the majority - was regarded as essential

＆ Australia's oldest chocolate bar http://www.cadbury.com.au/sites/cadbury/index.php?pageId=59 Australia's oldest chocolate bar

3 clips available online http://aso.gov.au/titles/documentaries/green-tea-and-cherry-ripe/ DVD 4384 http://aso.gov.au/titles/documentaries/green-tea-and-cherry-ripe/

War Brides: Extra Reading “Good-bye to Sayonara” Shizuko Suenaga “Michi's memories” Keiko Tamura 戦争花嫁 : 国境を越えた女たちの半世紀　 写真花嫁・戦争花嫁のたどった道 : 女性移民史の発掘　島田法子編著 チェリー・パーカーの熱い冬 http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/content/2007/s1922788.htm www.naa.gov.au/Images/War%20brides_tcm16-38308.pdf Also see Keiko Tamura (2003) ‘Meeting, Committing and Adapting: Japanese War Brides and the Experience of Migration’, ‘. Ritsumeikan Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 11, pp.71-84. [paper copy in my cabinet] And in the Japan Times, an article on US war brides: Daughters tell stories of ‘war brides’ despised back home and in the U.S. (http://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2014/10/05/how-tos/daughters-tell-stories-war-brides-despised-back-home-u-s/#.VDSR0VdXvUQ)

Dear Mum,　 (1952) Hello! How are you? How is Japan? It’s been 3 months since I arrived in Australia as a ‘war-bride’. The life here… Don’t forget to add concrete examples/episodes and to express your feelings: use your imagination!

オーストラリア研究(英語) Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) Japanese （SECOND WORLD）war brides and their husbands in the garden of Gordon Parker's parents' home. Ringwood 1953 He set up his production studio, Creative Engine J.O.E. in 2001 and presently works as a freelance filmmaker, specializing in projects produced in digital format. Apart from that, he also works with local and Japanese film production crews on numerous Japanese television commercial shoots in Australia. Recently, Joseph completed a semi documentary drama, "Wahori Days" which portrays the life of a Japanese working holiday maker staying in Sydney. After a successful screening at the Japan Culture Centre, it was officially selected in the Indies Film Festival in Japan. Chris Burgess (1号館1308研究室、内線164) cburgess@tsuda.ac.jp ・http://edu.tsuda.ac.jp/~cburgess

シフニーからダーウィン、マニラ経由したその飛行機が、わずか６人のお客様を乗せて山口県防府に到着したのは１９４７年１２月１８日のことでした。それから６０年、カンタス航空は日本とオーストラリアを結び空の便として数え切れないほどの客様をオーストラリアへお連れしています。

Kookaburra (ワライカワセミ) カワセミ科笑いカワセミ属のオーストラリアに生息する鳥。森林にすみ、昆虫や小型爬虫類を採食する。人の笑い声のような音を出す。Laughing jackass, settler’s clock等ともいう[アボリ] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S0ZbykXlg6Q Laughing Kookaburra