Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years? B14474 Shizuka Takaoki

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Defining Terms 3.Evidence for It Has Improved 4.Evidence for It Has Become Worse 5.Analysis 6.Conclusion

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Defining Terms 3.Evidence for It Has Improved 4.Evidence for It Has Become Worse 5.Analysis 6.Conclusion

1. Introduction 夫婦別姓 2015 年 12 月 16 日、日本の最高裁で夫婦間の別姓を基本禁止することが可 決されました。この判決に関しては多くの中国人たちが関心を寄せてい ます。日本とは違い、中国では結婚しても女性が男性側の姓を名乗るこ とはありません。つまり結婚後もお互いの姓名が変化することはないの です。・・・日本のような夫婦同姓制度を、中国では「従夫姓」と呼び ます。この制度を文字通り妻が夫に「従う」という意味だと捉える中国 人は多く、ネットの反応を見ると「従夫姓は女性差別だ」、「日本の最 高裁は、夫婦別姓を合憲にしなさい！」と日本人女性の権利拡張を訴え たり、「従夫姓は日本の封建主義の象徴だ」、「日本人はつまらない伝 統にこだわる」などと日本側の保守的な対応を批判する声が、主に女性 から多く寄せられていました。 （ Excite News: 2016 ）

1. Introduction The two laws in 1985: Equal Employment Opportunity Law( 男女雇用 機会均等法 ) = 雇用に関してのみ規定 in 1999: Basic Law for a Gender-Equal Society( 男女共同 参画社会基本法 )= 社会活動全般に関して規 定

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Defining Terms 3.Evidence for It Has Improved 4.Evidence for It Has Become Worse 5.Analysis 6.Conclusion

2. Defining Terms Gender Equality = the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and men and girls and boys. Equality does not mean that women and men will become the same but that women’s and men’s rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. (UN WOMEN: 2001)

2. Defining Terms Recent years =Since Japan enacted Equal Employment Opportunity Law( 男女雇用機会均等法 ) in 1985 until now

Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years?

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Defining Terms 3.Evidence for It Has Improved 4.Evidence for It Has Become Worse 5.Analysis 6.Conclusion

3. Evidence for It Has Improved 3.1 UNDP ranking 3.2 Women in society and politics

3.1 UNDP ranking （ Cabinet Office: 2010 ） 【 Figure 1 】 GEM of Japan ( ) ※ で計算方法が変わったため厳密な比較は不可能 GEM of Japan is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years? GEM of Japan is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years?

3.2 Women in society and politics Women manager 【 Figure 2 】 The change of the percentage of women managers ( ) （ Cabinet Office: 2015 ） The percentage of women managers is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years? The percentage of women managers is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years?

3.2 Women in society and politics Participating in politics 【 Figure 3 】 衆議院議員総選挙候補者、当選者に占める女性割合の推移 ( ) （ Cabinet Office: 2015 ）

3.2 Women in society and politics Participating in politics 【 Figure 4 】 参議院議員総選挙候補者、当選者に占める女性割合の推移 ( ) （ Cabinet Office: 2015 ）

3.2 Women in society and politics Participating in politics 【 Figure 5 】地方議会における女性議員割合の推移 ( ) （ Cabinet Office: 2015 ） The percentage of women politicians is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years? The percentage of women politicians is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years?

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Defining Terms 3.Evidence for It Has Improved 4.Evidence for It Has Become Worse 5.Analysis 6.Conclusion

4. Evidence for It Has Become Worse 4.1 Pay gap 4.2 Surveys

4.1 Pay gap 【 Figure 6 】男性に対する女性の賃金比率各国比較 (Japanese Communist Party: 2012)

4.1 Pay gap 【 Figure 7 】 The change of pay gap between men and women ( ) (OECD: 2014 ） The gap between Japan and other countries is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years? The gap between Japan and other countries is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years?

4.2 Surveys 【 Figure 8 】 Discrimination against women in work place 賃金に差別がある 67.2%62.5% 能力を正当に評価しない 23.9%33.3% 昇進、昇格に差別がある 21.6%29.2% 結婚したり子供が生まれたりすると勤め続けにく い 3.7%18.3% 定年まで勤め続けにくい 2.2%6.7% (Cabinet Office: 2002) The percentage of women who think gender gap is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years? The percentage of women who think gender gap is increasing. = Gender Equality in Japan: Whether It Has Improved or Become Worse in Recent Years?

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Defining Terms 3.Evidence for It Has Improved 4.Evidence for It Has Become Worse 5.Analysis 6.Conclusion

（ World Economic Forum: 2014 ） WEF ranking 【 Figure 9 】 Global Gender Gap Ranking UNDP ranking

WEF ranking 【 Figure 10 】 The change of Japan’s WEF rank ( ) YearJapan’s Rank （ World Economic Forum: 2014 ）

5.3.2 Women in society and politics Women Manager 【 Figure11 】 The percentage of women who is worker or manager （ Cabinet Office: 2015 ）

5.3.2 Women in society and politics Women Manager 【 Figure12 】 The change of women work force ( 女性の労働力率 ) ( ) (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: 2004)

5.3.2 Women in society and politics Participating in politics 【 Figure13 】 世界の下院での女性議員比率 （ Tokyo Shimbun 2014 ） 先進国では 最低ランク

5.3.2 Women in society and politics Participating in politics 【 Figure14 】 The change of the percentage of women politicians ( ) （ Cabinet Office ： 2013 ）

5.4.1 Pay gap 【 Figure15 】 雇用形態、性、年齢階級別賃金 正社員と非正社員の賃金格差 大 正社員と非正社員の賃金格差 大 (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: 2007)

5.4.1 Pay gap 【 Figure16 】 The change of the number of regular and contractual employment people( ) （ Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications: 2015 ） 非正規雇用者数の増加 ＝ 賃金格差の増加 非正規雇用者数の増加 ＝ 賃金格差の増加

非正規雇用 ＝女性の自由な選択肢 の一つ 非正規雇用 ＝女性の自由な選択肢 の一つ Pay Gap= The evidence for gender inequality Pay gap 【 Figure17 】 The reasons why they have chosen a contractual employment (Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: 2012)

5.4.2 Surveys 【 Figure18 】 社会全体における男女の地位の平等感 (Cabinet Office: 2012)

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Defining Terms 3.Evidence for It Has Improved 4.Evidence for It Has Become Worse 5.Analysis 6.Conclusion

Evidence for Improved 3.1 UNDP ranking 3.2 Women in society and politics Evidence for Become Worse 4.1 Pay gap 4.2 Surveys

6.Conclusion Gender Equality in Japan: It Has Improved in Recent Years!!!

Outline 1.Introduction 2.Defining Terms 3.Evidence for It Has Improved 4.Evidence for It Has Become Worse 5.Analysis 6.Conclusion

Thank you for listening !